Externalizing behavior was more frequent in children who had poor adaptive functioning and lower IQ pre-injury. Testosterone is the end product of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and is the primary androgen, the group of steroid hormones responsible for the development and maintenance of masculine traits (Mazur & Booth, Citation1998). Critics question whether small differences in activation give much insight into human behavior and cognition. In a 2019 article, Raine outlined his neuromoral theory of antisocial, violent, and psychopathic behavior, identifying the prefrontal cortex, amygdala and the superior and temporal gyri as areas of interest regarding hypoactivation of the brain. Kaya et al. For example, there have been criticisms against functional brain imaging citing shoddy statistics and arbitrary identification of neural networks as reasons to doubt findings published by so-called blob-ologists (Hanson, Citation2022). Further, adolescent legal system involvement x PS for educational attainment predicted actual educational attainment in males. If used correctly, this improved understanding of human behavior will be crucial in guiding treatment and prevention programs, as well as influencing the criminal legal system, ideally leading to more equitable and just outcomes. Crime Causation: Sociological Theories The relation of some of these theories can be directly applied to the Criminal Justice field. Research has found that stimulation of this area via transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) reduces aggressive intentions (Choy et al., Citation2018; Gilam et al., Citation2018; Sergiou et al., Citation2022). Based on this, Scarpa (Citation2003) has suggested the use of parenting programs and home-based nursing programs to support and enrich the family environment, as well as policies that target bullying and firearm safety. Hormones are other chemical agents that can impact behavior. The perception that crime, especially violent crime, has become one of the most serious problems facing society has led to determined efforts by many researchers to find the causes of criminal behaviour. Human beings are rational and make decisions freely and with an understanding of the consequences. (Citation2018) found that polygenic risk scores for low educational attainment were associated with low cognitive ability, low self-control, and academic difficulties in two samples in New Zealand. Psychophysiology involves the use of noninvasive measures to assess baseline physiological states and nearly immediate physiological responses to environmental stimuli. Another concern is that incarcerated individuals may not be able to consent to treatment informed by biomarkers either because it is mandated by a judge or because they feel coerced by virtue of being incarcerated. Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab. Childhood maltreatment x low MAOA allele resulted in higher antisocial behavior in adult males. Furthermore, treatments that lower testosterone can have serious side effects, including loss of bone mass, diabetes, pulmonary embolism, and depression, all of which could be life threatening and/or debilitating (Stinneford, Citation2006). Biological Theories Of Crime Causation Essay | ipl.org Recent works can be found in outlets such as Behavior Genetics, Criminology, Journal of Marriage and Family, and Psychological Science. As the disease is better understood, it may become a valid legal defense; as of now, however, CTE is arguably an inappropriate piece of evidence to tout in a court of law as the lines between disease and personal responsibility are blurred. Labeling Theory - emphasizes the effect of society's response to the criminal and sees continued crime as a consequence of the negative response from society to those defined as offenders. Besides parents, other trusted adults in childrens lives can be educated on the risks of antisocial and criminogenic behaviors in children in order to intervene early. The results illustrate how biological factors can set the stage for how social conditions influence behavior. References. Another issue overlapping biometrics and the criminal legal system is the use of biomarkers (i.e., heart rate, nervous system reactivity, genetics, neuroimaging) in determining punishment (Boisvert, Citation2021).
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